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Comparative psychology
Comparative psychology is the study of differences and
similarities in the behaviour of animals of different species. Comparative
psychologists may analyse a single activity as it occurs in many species. For
example, they may examine the raising of young among birds, whales, tigers,
and other animals. They also may study the complete behavioural pattern of two
or more related species. For instance, they may compare the feeding, mating,
and other activities of two rodents.
Some of the principal behavioural patterns of animals that comparative
psychologists study include communication, learning, migration, orientation,
reproductive behaviour, and social behaviour. Communication is the sharing of
information among animals. Learning concerns the gaining of knowledge or
skill. Migration is the travel of large groups of animals. Orientation
consists of the ways that animals position themselves in relation to light,
heat, and other forces. Reproductive behaviour concerns the mating habits of
animals and the ways they care for their young. Social behaviour includes such
group activities as the flocking of birds or the hunting strategies of
wolves.
Comparative psychologists observe animals in their natural environment and in
controlled conditions in laboratories and zoos. In both types of surroundings,
researchers use methods that enable them to observe behaviour while
interfering as little as possible with the creatures' activities. For example,
psychologists may attach electronic devices to the animals. The devices send
out signals pinpointing their location or relay information on the animal's
blood pressure, temperature, and other body functions. In the laboratory,
researchers may observe animal behaviour from behind one-way mirrors. In the
wild, scientists may watch from inside camouflaged enclosures.
Comparative psychologists may record animal behaviour on paper using code
symbols for various types of behaviour. They also film and tape-record certain
activities. In addition, they may arrange for an animal to record data itself.
For example, many experimenters use a device called a Skinner box, where an
animal must operate a switch or other mechanism to obtain a reward. The switch
also activates a recording device.
Comparative psychologists, like other scientists, employ various statistical
methods in their work. They often use computers to analyse large amounts of
information.
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